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Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies?


A) Affirmative action helps to compensate for past discrimination.
B) Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.
C) Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.
D) Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.
E) Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

F) C) and D)
G) All of the above

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What two important acts did the federal government pass in the 1960s to force the South to abolish Jim Crow laws and abide by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution? Do you think it is possible that further intervention by the federal government will be needed in the future to enforce the civil rights of African Americans? Why or why not?

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An ideal response will:
1. Identify the ...

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Outline an affirmative action program for public university admissions that would pass constitutional muster.

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An ideal response will:
1. Note that aff...

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How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?


A) They both were enacted quickly and easily.
B) They both passed the strict scrutiny test administered by the Supreme Court.
C) They were both based on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
D) They both sought equal rights for women.
E) They both sought equal rights for African Americans.

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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Since the 1950s, the Supreme Court has gradually eliminated virtually all de facto segregation and discrimination in the United States.

A) True
B) False

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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 has expanded educational and sports opportunities for women students.

A) True
B) False

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The passage of the Equal Rights Amendment has helped ensure women's equality in the workplace.

A) True
B) False

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What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?


A) Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.
B) Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they were considered property under the law.
C) The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.
D) Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.
E) Each state has the right to interpret the Constitution as it sees fit, as long as the interpretation is "reasonable and without malice."

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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